The indispensable contributions of women to the cessation of armed conflict and sustainable peace have been demonstrated repeatedly across history, including in Northern Ireland and Liberia. This historical experineces were elevated to a global policy priority through the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 in October 2000, marking the culmination of decades of international advocacy since the 1995 Beijing World Conference on Women. Together with nine subsequent resolutions, the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) Agenda is grounded in robust theoretical and empirical evidence—such as the demonstrated correlation between women’s participation and the durability of peace agreements, and the association between gender equality and reduced risks of conflict relapse. The Agenda has been propelled forward by diverse actors, including the United Nations, Member States, and civil society organizations, resulting in high level diplomatic engagement, the formulation of national and regional action plans, and on the ground implementation in conflict affected settings.
In peace processes, following earlier milestones, women negotiators and leaders in Colombia and the Philippines played decisive roles in concluding comprehensive peace agreements. Their engagement has infused peace processes—traditionally dominated by state and military actors—with a more horizontal, inclusive approach to decision making. At a time when women and children constitute more than 70 percent of conflict affected populations, these leaders have brought the perspectives of victims and communities into security policy spaces, enabling a more accurate assessment of the human costs of conflict and forging pragmatic pathways toward lasting peace.
Yet twenty five years after the adoption of Resolution 1325, the world continues to grapple with escalating conflicts. Amid intensified geopolitical rivalry, rapid shifts in the international order, and unprecedented militarization, the core vision of the WPS Agenda—achieving sustainable peace through the meaningful participation of women in peace and security decision making—is under severe strain. Compounding these challenges is a growing global backlash against the principle of gender equality itself, often intertwined with the resurgence of authoritarian governance.
Leadership studies have long identified qualities frequently exhibited by women in political and organizational leadership—such as empathy, care oriented leadership, and a commitment to democratic values—while recognizing that these attributes can be shared across genders. The notable success of Women heads of states of government in navigating the COVID 19 crisis remains a vivid illustration of these strengths. Even within increasingly complex and volatile security environments, women leaders across the world continue to demonstrate these attributes. In Japan, where its first female prime minister was elected for the first time in history, important questions arise regarding the organizational and cultural barriers confronting women leaders as they assume significant responsibilities, and how their distinct leadership may contribute to global stability and peace in the years ahead.
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Key Questions
- What specific leadership traits and strategies have characterized the historical successes of women leaders in peace negotiations?
- In what ways have women leaders challenged, reshaped, or broadened conventional understandings of “security” within the WPS framework?
- How have women’s movements and coalitions supported peacebuilding processes and amplified women’s leadership?
- Which institutional and structural conditions have proven conducive to effective participation of women as leaders in peacebuilding and security? What are the best practices for enabling women to enter into larger leadership roles in these areas?
- What are the best strategies for dealing with the existing cultural and sociopolitical barriers—including the dominant hypermasculine global leadership culture—that face women in prominent leadership positions in their efforts to advance peace and security?