During the Cold War, both East and West competed fiercely in the development of quieter submarines and submarine surveillance systems. The cooperative initiatives among American industry, academia, and government produced results, which after the end of the Cold War benefited all three sectors. In Japan, this kind of industry-academia-government (defense) cooperation on security technology issues began with 9.11. It is hoped that this trend will increase with the enactment of the Basic Ocean Law and Basic Education Law and the privatization of the national universities.