United Kingdom
The United Kingdom (U.K.) began steps towards integrated ocean management with the enactment of the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 (hereinafter referred to as "MCAA") on November 12, 2009. Notably, the formulation of the "East Inshore and East Offshore Marine Plans," the first plan of its kind in the U.K., reached its final stages between 2012 and 2013. Legislative acts based on MCAA are gradually materializing, as demonstrated by the movements towards practical applications and commercialization of ocean power generation facilities using renewable energy, as well as the establishment of the first Marine Conservation Zones in the U.K.