New Zealand
New Zealand is a country belonging to the Commonwealth (Commonwealth of Nations), and one of the Commonwealth realm, with the British monarch acting as the King of New Zealand and Head of State*1. As shown below, in New Zealand, various ministries and government offices hold authority over different aspects of its ocean policies (See Table 1). While the division of ocean areas in domestic New Zealand law is in principle based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982), some parts of ocean areas are categorized pursuant to its unique domestic law. According to the domestic law, the foreshore and sea floor, territorial waters and the skies above them are collectively referred to as the coastal area, following the regulations of the Resource Management Act (RMA).
Table 1 Jurisdiction of Ocean Policies among Government Bodies in NZ
| Main Governing Bodies | |
|---|---|
| Governing Office | Jurisdiction |
| Ministry for the Environment | Monitoring by the Environmental Protection Authority and EEZ-related regulations |
| Environmental Protection Authority | Approval, monitoring and execution in accordance with EEZ Acts |
| Ministry for Primary Industries | Management of fisheries |
| Department of Conservation (DOC) | Marine Reserve and endangered species |
| Ministry of Transport | Maritime Transport Act 1994 |
| Maritime New Zealand | Maritime transport management and its influence |
| Regional Council | Management of territorial waters (up to 12 nautical miles from coastal area) |
| New Zealand Coastguard | Patrolling NZ waters for civil affairs - customs clearance |
| Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) | Health and safety in ocean management |
| NZ Petroleum & Minerals | Management of approvals for oil, gas and minerals |
| Secondary Governing Bodies | |
| Governing Office | |
| Ministry for Culture and Heritage | |
| New Zealand Defence Force | |
| Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade | |
| Ministry of Health | |
| Ministry of Justice | |
| Land Information New Zealand | |
| Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet | |
| Ministry of Māori Development (Te Puni Kōkiri) | |
Note: Author created this data based on the NZ Ministry for the Environment Website.
Figure 1 Classification of Ocean Areas According to its Unique Domestic Law
The features of ocean policies in New Zealand from 2012 to 2013 mainly include the enactment of new laws regarding the development of the Exclusive Economic Zone and the continental shelf, and the administrative reform of the procedural system associated with them.
- *1The National Diet Library Research Navigation Website can be useful in searching for NZ judicial documents, etc. (last accessed on February 25, 2014).