As the world population grows and economies develop, the demand for food is projected to increase. At the same time, however, the planet’s health cannot be compromised in response to this situation. In order to continue supplying mankind with nutritious food, there are high expectations for aquaculture. On the other hand, in Japan, aquaculture is gaining attention as a way to promote regional development where the population has begun to decline and rural depopulation is rising. This article examines this bipolarized situation.