The Mukojima Island Group is the uplifting of a submarine volcano formed around the same time as Chichijima (48 to 46 million years ago). Distributed through the group is boninite, bronzite andesite, and arc tholeiitic andesite that were extruded in the early stages of plate subduction. (Ref.1, 2)

Ref. 1: Umino Susumu, Kanayama Kyoko, Niitsuma Nobuaki, Nakano Shun, Ishizuka Osamu, “Geology of Ogasawara (Bonin) Island Group,” Abstracts of the 114th Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of Japan, 2007.
Ref. 2: Umino Susumu, “Lecture Guide to the Nature of Ogasawara: Geology of the Ogasawara Islands,” Geology of the Ogasawara Islands 2010 edition, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology.
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