6-7 December 2016The Sasakawa Peace Foundation BuildingTokyo, JapanProceedings ofIslands and Oceans Net2nd General Meeting????????????????? ???? ??????????????? ???? ????????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????March 2017Ocean Policy Research Institute, The Sasakawa Peace Foundation1-15-16, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8524 JapanTEL 03-5157-5210? ? FAX 03-5154-5230http://www.spf.org ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ForewordThe oceans, which covers 70 per cent of the earth's surface, has in recent yearsbeen experiencing various changes. The small island countries dotting the oceansare of course significantly affected by such changes and are now struggling to dealwith them. Furthermore, the sustainable development, use, conservation andmanagement of small islands and their surrounding ocean areas are not problemsrestricted to the island states alone, but are also challenges facing the internationalcommunity as a whole, an idea that has come to be shared worldwide since theadoption of Agenda 21 at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992.OPRF, the forerunner of OPRI-SPF, recognizes these difficulties, and from 2009began collaborating on research with ANCORS and experts from Pacific States thatresulted in joint policy recommendations "For the Better Conservation andManagement of Islands and Their Surrounding Ocean Areas", which we submittedas contributory papers to the Rio+20 Secretariat, the SIDS 2014 PreparatoryMeetings and the Open Working Group for the SDGs. The Proposal focuses on threeareas, namely (i) Conservation and Management of Islands, (ii) Management of theSurrounding Ocean Areas, and (iii) Response to Climate Change and Variability.Furthermore, based on the assessment and analysis of the current situations in eacharea and considering the issues identified, we also have made recommendations onCapacity Building and Institutional Strengthening to facilitate required measureseffectively.In September 2014, 21 Heads of State and about 3,500 delegates attended SIDS2014 and adopted an international action plan entitled "Small Island DevelopingStates Accelerated Modalities of Action [S.A.M.O.A.] Pathways." We were happy tosee that many points of our recommendations were included in S.A.M.O.A. Pathways.OPRI (then OPRF) organized jointly with ANCORS a side event in order todiscuss concrete actions for policy implementation. We had the honour of HisExcellency Tommy Remengesau, Jr., President of the Republic of Palau, attendingalong with about 80 persons from various countries, organisations and groups withan interest in these issues, to discuss concrete measures to implement our jointrecommendations. On this occasion, OPRI proposed to establish the Islands andOceans Net(IO-Net) as an international collaborative multi-partner network withthe voluntary participation of international and regional organisations,governments, academia, businesses and individuals from civil society who are inagreement with the aims of our recommendations. Our proposal was unanimouslysupported by all the participants of the side event.Pacific island States and international organizations, as well as universities,research institutes, and NGOs in the Pacific region have conveyed to us their keeninterest in and support of the IO-Net. Organizations and individuals from theJapanese government, industry, academia, foundations and NGOs have alsoⅰexpressed significant interest. Our task now is to articulate concrete steps to promoteactivities, as the varied organizations and individuals who have expressed interestvoluntarily participate and coordinate their activities in the IO-Net, as "Partners".It is important that partners from a variety of sectors come together and that islandstates and the international community collaborate and coordinate their activities.Following our 1 st General Meeting held in May of 2015, we were pleased toconvene the 2 nd General Meeting from 6-7 th December, 2016, participated by over120 Partners from the Pacific region, Japan, and international society, from a varietyof sectors, including governments, international andregional organizations, universities and research institutes, NGOs, and businesssectors who are in agreement with the aims of the IO-Net.It is our sincere hope that those "Partners" in attendance at the 2nd GeneralMeeting make it the starting point for collaborative and cooperative use of theirrespective positions and capacities in work towards the sustainable development,use, appropriate conservation and management of islands and their surroundingocean areas.The Ocean Policy Research Institute, Sasakawa Peace FoundationⅱIslands and Oceans Net (IO Net) 2 nd General Meeting ProgrammeDate: 6 th - 7 th December, 2016Venue: 11 F International Conference Hall, The Sasakawa PeaceFoundation Building, Tokyo, JapanTuesday, December 6 th10:00-10:50 Opening CeremonyMr. Hiroshi Terashima, President, The Ocean Policy ResearchInstitute, the Sasakawa Peace Foundation (OPRI-SPF)Prof. Stuart Kaye, The Australian National Centre for OceanResources and Security (ANCORS)Mr. Noriyuki Shikata, Deputy Director General, Asian andOceanian Affairs Bureau, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, JapanMr. Roger Cornforth, Deputy Director General, Secretariat of thePacific Regional Environment ProgrammeDr. Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias, Executive Secretary,Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)(Video Message)Photo Session All Participants10:50-11:00 Coffee Break11:00-12:30 The Development of International JointPolicy Recommendations and the History ofthe Islands and Oceans Net (IO Net)OPRI-SPF (Secretariat)Session 1: Conservation and Management of IslandsModerators: Mr. Hiroshi Terashima, President, OPRI-SPFMr. Roger Cornforth, Deputy Director General, SPREPa. Development of Island ManagementStrategiesDr. Keita Furukawa, Senior Research Fellow , OPRI-SPF"Implementation of the Ocean Policies in Japan"Ms. Lani Milne, Chief, Coastal, Land and Conservation Division,Marshall Environment Protection AuthorityMr. Cyrille Barnerias, Senior Environmental Specialist, GlobalEnvironment Facility (GEF)"The Global Environment Facility International Waters FocalArea"12:30-13:30 Lunch Break13:30-14:40 Session 1: Conservation and Management of Islands (Cont.)Moderators: Hiroshi Terashima, President, OPRI-SPFMr. Roger Cornforth, Deputy Director General, SPREPb. Increased Safety and Resilience of IslandCommunitiesProf. Hajime Kayanne, The University of Tokyo"Ecosystem-based Coastal Protection of Atoll Island CountriesAgainst Sea Level Rise"Prof. Tomoya Shibayama, Professor, School of Creative Scienceand Engineering, Waseda Universityⅲ2"Prevention of Natural Disasters under Climate Change:Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Mitigation of Disastersin the Independent State of Samoa"Mr. Faainu Latu, Head of Science Department, Senior LecturerEnvironmental Science, The National University of SamoaMr. Satoru Mimura, Deputy Director General, GlobalEnvironment Department, Japan International CooperationAgency (JICA)"Disaster Risk Reduction in Small Island Developing States Basedon International Frameworks"14:40-15:00 Coffee Break15:00-17:25 Session 1: Conservation and Management of Islands (Cont.)Moderators: Mr. Hiroshi Terashima, President, OPRI-SPFMr. Roger Cornforth, Deputy Director General, SPREPc. Implementation of Waste Management Dr. Mimpei Ito, Director, Environmental Management Division 1,Global Environment Department, Japan International CooperationAgency, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)"The Needs for the Waste Management in the PacificRegion and JICA's Assistance"Ms. Imogen Ingram, Secretary-Treasurer, Island SustainabilityAlliance CIS Inc. (ISACI) Cook Islands"Development of Sustainable Waste Management in PacificSmall Island Developing States"/" Growth of Lagoon Algae inRarotonga Caused by Poor Wastewater Management"Mr. Carl Bruch, Director, International Programs, EnvironmentalLaw Institute"Fighting Marine Litter: Legislative Options"d. Development of Renewable Energy Ms. Frances Debra Brown, Assistant CEO, Environment SectorCoordination, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment,Samoa"Better Conservation and Integrated Management of Islands andTheir Surrounding Oceans"e. Conservation of Coral Reefs andMangrove ForestsDr. Keita Furukawa, Senior Research Fellow, OPRI-SPF"Coastal Ecosystem (Coral Reef, Mangrove Forests and Seagrassbed) Conservation Project using ICM Package"Mr. Andrew Benedict Foran, Head, IUCN Pacific Centre forEnvironmental Governance, IUCN Oceania Regional Office"Mangrove Conservation and Renewable Energy in the PacificIslands"Dr. Yimnang Golbuu, Chief Executive Officer, Palau InternationalCoral Reef CenterMr. Kenn Mondiai, Executive Director/Senior Forestry Officer,Partners With Melanesians Inc.Mr. Ricky Carl, Director, External Affairs, The NatureConservancy-Micronesia Program17:25-17:35 Wrap-up for the Day18:00-20:00 Receptionⅳ3Wednesday, December 7 th09:00-11:20 Session 2: Management of the Surrounding Ocean AreasModerators：Prof. Stuart Kaye, Director, ANCORSMr. Michael Petterson, Director, Geoscience Division, Pacific Community (SOPAC/SPC)a. Establishment of Baselines and MaritimeLimitsProf. Stuart Kaye, Director, ANCORS"Potential Impact of the South China Sea Arbitration onMaritime Jurisdiction in the Pacific"Mr. Yoshi Kawamura, Senior Coordinator for InternationalCooperation Planning Department, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) / Dr. MichiyoShimamura, Coordinator, Innovation Promotion Office viaMarine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC)"Effective Utilization of Research Vessel Transition"b. Implementation of Practical FisheriesManagement PoliciesMr. Taratau Kirata, Senior Fisheries Officer, Ministry of Fisheriesand Marine Resources Development, Kiribati"Implementation of Practical Fisheries Management Policies"Mr. Hisashi Endo, Executive Director, Japan Fisheries Researchand Education Agency"Sustainable Fisheries Management -Conflict & Cooperation-"Mr. Makoto Suzuki, Fisheries Manager Japan, MarineStewardship Council"Fisheries in the Pacific Island Countries and MSC certification"c. Maintenance and Securing of ShippingServicesMr. Hiroaki Terashima, Management Advisor and SeniorConsultant, IC Net Inc."Sustainable Sea Transportation in the Pacific: Current Situationand Initiatives of the University of the South Pacific"d. Exploitation of Marine Mineral Resourcesand Preservation of Marine EnvironmentMr. Michael Petterson, Director, Geoscience Division, PacificCommunity"Deep Seabed Mineral Activities in the Pacific Islands Region"Dr. Hiroyuki Matsuda, Professor, Faculty of Environment andInformation Sciences, Yokohama National University"Seabed Resource Development Reconciling with MarineEnvironment"e. Conservation and Sustainable Use of theMarine Environment and MarineBiodiversityMs. Imogen Ingram, Secretary-Treasurer, Island SustainabilityAlliance CIS Inc. (ISACI) Cook Islands"Purse Seine Fishing versus National Marine Park"11:20-11:35 Coffee Break11:35-13:15 Session 3: Response to Climate Change and VariabilityModerators：Dr. Toshio Yamagata, Director, Application Laboratory, JAMSTECDr. Anjeela Jokhan, Dean, Faculty of Science, Technology & Environment, The University of South Pacifica. Adaptation to Climate Change andVariability by Island Societies and Responseto International Law IssuesMr. Satoshi Wakasugi, Director, Pacific and Southeast AsiaDivision 6, Southeast Asia and Pacific Department, JapanInternational Cooperation Agency (JICA)"JICA and Climate Change in SIDS: JICA's Approach to ClimateChange in the Pacific"Mr. Roger Cornforth, Deputy Director General, SPREP"SPREP's Response to Climate Change and Variability"Mr. Tomohiko Tsunoda, Senior Research Fellow, OPRI-SPF"Construction of Monitoring Platform on Ocean Acidification"Dr. Mikiyasu Nakayama, Professor, Department of Internationalstudies, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University ofTokyoⅴ4"Relocation and Livelihood Re-Establishment of ClimateRefugees in the Pacific"Ms. Sofia Yazykova, Visiting Attorney, Environmental LawInstitute"From Adaptation to Migration"Mrs. Gisa Fuatai Purcell, Regional Advisor, Pacific, TheCommonwealth Telecommunication Organization"ICT4CC - Implementing SDG Policies"13:15-14:15 Lunch Break14:15-15:30 Session 4: Capacity Building and Institutional StrengtheningModerators: Mr. Hiroshi Terashima, President, OPRI-SPFMr. Roger Cornforth, Deputy Director General, SPREPa. Capacity Building and InstitutionalStrengtheningDr. Anjeela Jokhan, Dean, Faculty of Science, Technology &Environment, The University of the South Pacific"USP's Role in Capacity Building and Institutional Strengtheningin the Pacific Region"Mr. Jonathan Gilman, Regional Development Coordinator, UNEnvironment Programme"Partnerships for a Resilient Low Carbon Pacific"Mr. Soichiro Kojima, Senior Coordinator, DevelopmentAssistance Policy Coordination Division, Ministry of ForeignAffairs, Japan"Capacity development -Implementation of Japan's ODA in thePacific-"Mr. Shinichi Ichikawa, Head of the Ocean Education Team,OPRI-SPF"Human Resource Development and Network under the WMUScholarship Programme by the Sasakawa Peace Foundation"15:30-15:50 Coffee Break15:50-17:20 Discussions on the Development of Future Activity Plans and their AdoptionModerators: Mr. Hiroshi Terashima, President, OPRI-SPFProf. Stuart Kaye, Director, ANCORS17:20-17:30 Closing Ceremony Mr. Hiroshi Terashima, President, OPRI-SPFⅵSession1 ：Conservation and Management of Islands－ 1 －2017/3/1511Development of Island Management StrategiesKeita Furukawa, Dr.(Eng.)Ocean Policy Research Institute, SPFOcean Governance• Dramatic rise of world's population• Global Warming / Ocean Acidification• Marine Pollution / Dead Zone• Marine Litter, Plastics and Micro-Prastics• Resource depletion and environmental degradation2• 1982 Adoption of UNCLOS• 1992 Agenda 21 / Rio summit• 2002 Implementation Plan / WSSD• 2012 The Future We Want / Rio+20• 2015 SDG goal14 / The 2030 Agenda for SD• 2015 Paris agreement / COP21, UNFCCCBack-GroundFlame-works3Development of Island Management StrategiesTarget Layer: StrategiesTool boxesSystem Layer: Methodologies(after PEMSEA)EBMEco-EngineeringDisasterPreventionScientificResearchSafety andSecuritySustainableDevelopmentHuman well-beingTarget Layer: StrategiesICMTool boxes4CBMFor Sustainable Development of IslandsSystem Layer: MethodologiesIntegrated Coastal ManagementBasic Plan on Ocean Policy (2008)Basic Act on Ocean Policy (2007)Headquarters forOcean Policy512 Basic MeasuresIntegrated Coastal ManagementBasic Plan on Ocean Policy (2008)Basic Act on Ocean Policy (2007)Headquarters forOcean Policy6－ 3 －2017/3/152Integrated Coastal ManagementBasic Plan on Ocean Policy (2008)Basic Plan on Ocean Policy (2013)Basic Act on Ocean Policy (2007)Headquarters forOcean PolicyImplementing ICM, and offer assistanceto regions making their own ICM Plan7•ICM FormulationsEBM Processes・Diagnostic AssessmentsSupports・Governments, ScientistsNetwork of LGCBM Processes・5 stepsInstitutionalArrangementsOcean Education,Capacity BuildingPromotion ofLocal CommunityFor the better promotion of Local Coasts8Capacity BuildingProject 2: Ecological EngineeringProject 5:Disasters MitigationProject 1: Development of Island Management StrategiesProject 6:EnvironmentallyDisplacementProject 3:CoastalEcosystemConservationProject 4: MarineScientific ResearchProjects For Sustainable Development of IslandsProject 7: OceanAcidification 9 10Development of Island Management Strategies(2-1.a)Leading Organizations:Kiribati, ORPI-SPFPotential Partners:International Organization (UNDP, CBD, IUCN etc.),Government of Island States (local and National),Research Institutions (ANCORS, SPREP, USP etc.)2-1 Conservation and Management of IslandsPOTENTIAL PROJECT １ １Development of Island Management StrategiesGoal: To assist countries in the developmentof strategic planning and implementation ofisland-scale management decisions on theirown, in accordance with UNCLOS and otherinternational frameworks.Proposed Steps of Action:? Ocean Policy Study Group? Establishing common understanding and views on policy formation among multi-stakeholders? Institutional Arrangements? Establishing a basic legal framework and mechanism to cope with thecomprehensive management and sustainable development of Oceans? Establishing a cross-sectoral authority to build up and implement the legalframework and policies?Basic Plans on Ocean Policy? Establishing a basic plan built on the Institutional Arrangements subject toperiodical reviews* Above steps should be followed taking into account each state's topographical, bio-physical and socio-economic characteristics.11Development of Island Management Strategies(2-1.a)2-1 Conservation and Management of IslandsPOTENTIAL PROJECT １ １Development of Island Management StrategiesCapacity-BuildingCapacity BuildingProject 2: Ecological EngineeringProject 1: Development of Island Management StrategiesProject 6:EnvironmentallyDisplacementProject 3:CoastalEcosystemConservation[ex.] For Sustainable Development of Kiribati12－ 4 －2017/3/153Capacity BuildingProject 5:Disasters MitigationProject 1: Development of Island Management StrategiesProject 3:CoastalEcosystemConservation[ex.] For Sustainable Development of Samoa13Capacity BuildingProject 1: Development of Island Management StrategiesProject 6:EnvironmentallyDisplacementProject 4: MarineScientific Research[ex.] For Sustainable Development of FijiProject 7: OceanAcidification 1415Development of Island Management StrategiesThank you for your Attentions－ 5 －2017/3/151Lani MilneRMI-Environmental Protection AuthorityIntegrating Island Management Strategies with Disaster RiskManagement to Protect Atoll HabitabilityIsland Management Strategies• Coastal Management Framework• Reimaanlok• PAN Legislation• Ridge to Reef Program (GEF)• Disaster Risk ReductionCoastal Management Framework- Coastal Conservation Act 1988- Recommend proposals for action andpolicy for the RMI to achievesustainable future development andremedy past development in andaround the coastal zone of the RMI.-NEPA 1989-Earthmoving Regulations 1989- EIA Regulations 1994Reimaanlok -"Looking into the future"• National Conservation Area Plan forthe Marshall Islands- May 2008- Outlines strategies to achieve theMicronesia Challenge bycommitting to effectively conserve30% near shore marine areas and20% terrestrial resources by 2020.- Threatened by increase pressure onfisheries, climate change and sealevel rise, urbanization, and loss oftraditional subsistence lifestyle.- 2 types of conservation:subsistence only and specialreserves.- Reconnect the people to theenvironment, to ensure sustainableuse of resources and food security.Reimaanlok Status by Atoll/Island• A Protected Areas Network (PAN)will allow the Marshall Islands tointegrate all protected areas into asingle system- Allows more effective monitoringand enforcement- Provides mechanism for fundingdistribution to protected areas• Benefits priority issues- Biodiversity, CC Adaptation- Disaster risk management- Food security• Parliament endorsement Sept 2015• Operationalize and strengthenimplementation of the ReimaanlokProtected Area Network－ 6 －2017/3/152Implication of PAN on Fisheries• Strengthen community involvement inmanaging their marine resources• Assist in providing resources to communities(technical and/or financial)• Streamlines the process for communities andrelevant CMAC partners• Possible linkage with National FisheriesRevenuesChallenges & Constraints• Reimaanlok & PAN- Geographic isolation & logistical challenges- Limited resources /capacity (human and finance)- Limited outreach to raise awareness on coastal issues- Limited alternative livelihoods & incentives- Lack of effective monitoring systems- Lack of baseline data to inform policy & practice- Lack of appropriate laws and enforcement capacity- Very weak climate lens in the processRidge 2 Reef (GEF 5)Url: http://www.sprep.org/biodiversity-ecosystems-management/bringing-lost-forests-back-to-life-in-the-solomon-islandsProject title:Reimaanlok: Strengtheningnatural resourcemanagement in atollcommunities in the RMI, byemploying integratedapproaches• Main components- Expanding andsustaining RMI PAN- Improve governancefor integrated atollmanagement- KnowledgemanagementRecent projects for island and coastalmanagement and disaster risk reduction• EU Funded Global Climate Change Adaptation Project -Woja Causeway in the RMI. (Url: http://www.spc.int/en/media-releases/2278-coastal-protection-project-opened-in-ailinglaplap-marshall-islands.html)- Construction of a causeway in Woja Ailinglaplap, using locallyavailable materials to promote a more ecological approach- Involving local communities for shoreline re-vegetationactivitiesCoastal area and causeway construction in Woja AilinglaplapUsing local materials and vegetation with the ecosystem based approach• Stakeholder dialogue workshops and surveyssupported by Sasakawa Peace Foundation - SmallIsland Nations Fund for coastal and island resourcemanagement.- Observing the people's increased recognition on coastalerosion,- Noting terrestrial and marine resource depletion andalteration (exotic seaweed species)- Concern on limited capacity for managing local resourcesand diversifying resource use and livelihood management－ 7 －2017/3/153• Jenrok Community Disaster Response Plan/Group- Pilot Project implemented by RMI Red Cross and theNDMO to develop National Communication Early WarningSystem.• Technical guidelines for coastal protection- Funded by US DOI- Collaborative effort to develop more detailed guidance ontechnical aspects of implementing the various terrestrialand marine-based soft, hard, and hybrid options forcoastal protection.- Address challenges and opportunities within the RMIEPAEarthmoving permit application and review process, aswell as berm-building by the Min. of Public Works.RMI Vision 2018"...to become a country within an inter-dependent world, with anenhanced socio-economic self reliance, an educated, healthy,productive, law-abiding and God-loving people in which freedom andfundamental human rights are protected and culture and traditions arerespected and development and environmental sustainability are inharmony." - RMI's Strategic Development Plan Framework 2003-2018Goal 10: Environmental Sustainability :i) Strengthening the relevant institutions and improveprocedural mechanisms, so as to be able to securethe optimum support from both international andregional efforts, in minimizing the adverse impactsof Climate Change.Objective 3: Enhance the level of awareness andcommitment among all people in thecommunity to contribute to minimizing ofenvironmental degradation.RMI-EPA's Mission:i) Look after the natural environment ofthe Marshall Islands;ii) Ensure sustainability of resources andensure a balance between economicdevelopment and the environment; andiii) Enhance the quality of life (publichealth and safety) of our people.Calls for support to proposed projects• Operationalizing the PAN in the field by reinforcingsustainable management of coastal resources and diversifyinglivelihood• Demonstrating the models, measures and approaches forincreasing resilience to climate change (drought, flood,temperature changes),• Coastal Profiling for Majuro, Ebeye, Jaluit and Wotje (or mostpopulated islands in the RMI)• Community adaption and building resilience frameworks forcoastal communities (Upgrade Reimaanlok Steps/Process)• Enhancing institutional and policy capacity forimplementation and monitoring,• Developing human resources for addressing SIDS challengesand promoting sustainability with increased policy andscience interface and international partnershipAdditional Information/Links• Woja Causeway Project Video- (https://youtu.be/rmFJ3fHVbZ0)- (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AunhShf0E5o)KOMOLTATA!－ 8 －3/15/20171The Global Environment FacilityInternational Waters Focal AreaThe Global Environment FacilityInternational Waters Focal Area2 nd Islands and Oceans Net General MeetingTokyo, Japan - December 2016Cyrille BarnériasSenior Environmental SpecialistGEF International Waterscbarnerias@thegef.orgSession 1 a.Concerns of International Waters &People, Ecosystems, and DevelopmentConcerns of International Waters &People, Ecosystems, and Development? Transboundary Pollution: Water unusable, diseases? Wasteful Water Use: Droughts, floods conflicts? Groundwater quality & quantity drinking water, food shortages? Overfishing/Depleted Oceans: Diminishing catches Livelihoods & $100 billion in annual trade in jeopardy? Habitat loss: coastal blue forests; invasive species, local livelihoodsRegional Stability, Security, Resilience and Economic opportunity at riskGEF International Waters Focal AreaInternational Waters (IW)includes transboundaryrivers, lakes, andgroundwater basins; alsooceans, coasts, LargeMarine Ecosystems andconnected river basinsGEF International Waters PortfolioGEF is largest investor in multi-country collective managementof transboundary water systems: $1.6 billion GEF/$10.3 billionco-financing totaling more than 230 projects since 1995.170 GEF recipient countries are cooperating with 23 non-recipient countries on their particular shared water systems.In working to reverse fisheries depletion, reduce waterpollution, and balance conflicting water uses through IWRM,GEF contributes to water, environment, and communitysecurity as well as regional stability.Simplistic ill. on GEF IW investment modalitiesDelivering GEF International Waters GlobalEnvironment BenefitsFoundational CapacityBuilding/Enabling environments, BasicPolicy and cooperation frameworkStrengthening policy and legal andinstitutional frameworksFull-scale SAP Implementation30 SAPs36 TDAs• Pacific islands SAP• Benguela Current CommissionWestern and Central Pacific Tuna Fisheries(GEF/UNDP)? Tuna >10% of regional GDP? Brought together 15 SIDS toregulate and manage tuna fisheries? Built up every Means of Implementation? Partnerships, financing, capacity building, technology,trade, and data and statistics + *policy*? In 7 countries surveyed, GDP contributionof fishing increased 50-1,000%－ 9 －3/15/20172Pacific Ridge to Reef Program? 14 Countries? 1 Regional Project,? 13 (14) NationalProjects? Addressingenvironmentalpressures fromRidge to ReefPacific R2R? $91millions of GEF grants+$330millions ofco-financing. UNDP, FAO, UNEP + Pacificcommunity + countries? Guiding principles: inter-connections,community to cabinet approach, gendermainstreaming, supporting planning ...? Fostering resilience: secure livelihoods, foodsecurity, drought/flood preparedness,enhance benefits from fishing.Pacific R2ROther marine projects in thepacific? PROP: Pacific Islands RegionalOceanscape Program? The Dugong and SeagrassConservation Project? Implementation of the Arafura andTimor Seas Regional and NationalStrategic Action ProgramsThank you!－ 10 －2017/3/151Hajime Kayanne (Univ. Tokyo)"Sustainable ecosystem management" is equal to"Sustainable land management (coastal protection)"against sea level rise in small island countries.Fongafale Is, TuvaluDistribution of atollsMarshallTuvaluMaldivesMajuro, MarshallMajuroFunafuti,TuvaluTarawa, kiribatiMahe, MaldivesKiribati■ atollBatio, Tarawa Atoll, KiribatiNukutoa,Takuu Atoll, PNGFunafuti Atoll, TuvaluCoastal erosion, waveover-topping and inlandinundation in smallisland countries duringstorms and spring hightide.IPCC AR5 (2013)mGlobal threatsIs Tuvalu sinking?2007Nature, 440 (2006)020004000600080001000001020304050% of Funafuti population to TuvaluGeological map Aerial photos MapAerialphotos IKONOSConstructionof airfieldBanaba Island phosphorus miningPopulation %Independence ofTuvalu and KiribatiPopulation of TuvaluPopulation ofFunafuti1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000Figure 3YearCopra productionLand use: expansion of residential area to vulnerable low landYamano et al. (2007) Fongafale Is, Funafuti, Tuvalu礫 サンゴ礫 coral gravels礁 サンゴ礁 coral reef有孔虫砂foraminifer sand 環礁州島は生物によって造られている． Atoll islandsare formed by organisms－ 11 －2017/3/152Corals are dead and covered by algaeFunafuti, TuvaluTarawa, KiribatiConstructions against natural processfrom ocean to lagoon or release to deep ocean through boat channel.Tarawa, Kiribatiprevent sand sedimentation at their foots. Vertical sea wallsCauseways prevent sand transportationHard structure measures(grey technology) interceptland and sea, and sometimes counteract withecosystem-based coastal processes.Ecosystem-based coastal protectionBeach nourishments(not vertical seawalls)JICA technical cooperation project(photos by Nippon Koei)Fongafale Is, Funafuti, Tuvalu11Sewage treatment by bacteria and seawater(Fujita 2016)TidepermeableImmobilization carrier ofSulfate-reducing bacteriaSO 4 2- =0.9gS/LOrganic matter= 18gBOD/PE/dSO 4 2- = 0.4gS/PE/d∴ BOD : S = 45 : 1BOD + SO 4 2-H 2 S + CO 2 + H 2 O∴ BOD : S = 1.6 : 1Soil does not have sufficient SO 4 2- todegrade BOD.Sea water is used !!Septic TankProductionCoral cultureandtransplantationOkinotorishimaImprovement of coastal eivironment is required bofore or inparallel with any ecosystem rehabilitation challenges.Then we can adopt ecotechnology.Foram cultureTuvalu－ 12 －2017/3/153Time scale Centennial（ （100 yr） ） Decadal （ （10 yr） ）High LowOpen-cut causewayWaste treatmentSewage treatmentReplanting coastal vegetationRemoval of jettiesBackfill dredgesPresent stateUltimate goalScientific and technologicalchallenge levelCulturing foraminiferaand coralsRegeneration of sandy beachRecovery of coastal ecosystemSand bypassBeachnourishmentEcosystem-based management plansGlobal and local problems in atollislandsSIDS (Small Island Developing State) Forum,UTokyo Ocean Alliance 海洋アライアンス小島嶼研究会• Only ecosystem-based management cannot savesmall island countries from rising sea level.• Any grey countermeasure works must NOT coflictwith, and should enhance natural ecologicalprocess which forms the island and coast.• Combined grey and green technologies arenecessary.Ecosystem-based management (green (blue)technology) and grey (concrete) technology• Basic data (elevation, land-use, habitat) arenecessary, which most small island countires donot have.• Understanding by local people and government.• Planning and continuing management by localpeople and government.For ecosystem-based management to beimplemented in small island countries.Cardboard dioramaUNITAR Women's Ledership in Tsunami-basedDRR Training Programme, Sendai (2016.11.1)Assembling island landform from theparts subdivided by elevation.Cardboard diorama• needs basic dataof elevation, land-use and habitat• enhances understanding,• help planning and management.－ 13 －2017/3/154－ 14 －2017/3/151Prevention of Natural Disasters under Climate ChangeIntegrated Coastal Zone Management for Mitigation of Disasters in theIndependent State of SamoaTomoya ShibayamaWaseda UniversityCooperation betweenNational University of Samoa andWaseda UniversityIntegrated Coastal Zone Management:Disasters + Global Warming + Coral Lagoon + EnvironmentThe 2nd General Meeting of the Islands and Oceans NetDecember 6, 2016Natural Disasters over the World:Tsunami, Storm Surge, High Wave (Coastal Erosion), Earthquake, Fire,Flood, Liquefaction, Drought, Landslide, Volcanic EruptionBasic Approach① Field Survey＋Numerical Simulation＋Hydraulic ExperimentCreation of Real Image of DisasterCommon Images with Local Residents② Variety of different scenarios of disasters in local conditionsIt is necessary to decipher the social context of disasters,to prepare disaster reduction scenarios, andto work with local government staffs and local residents.2International Platform for Disaster ResearchEarthquake, Tsunami, Storm Surge, Volcanic EruptionReduction of Failures Mechanism of Complex DisasterSuzuki・YNU（Tsunami）Wijayaratna・SriLankaWaseda UniversityYoda and Ono（Steel StructureAkagi(Foundation)Akiyama ( Concrete Structure )）Soda (Vibration ）Kamura （Soil Pollution）Sekine （River）Hasemi（Fire）Okouchi（Eruption）Komine （Liquefaction）Sakakibara(Water Environment）Takagi・TIT（Storm Surge ）Duy, Thao, Cong・VietnamNistor・CanadaFrequent Natural Disasters over the WorldInternational Network for Disaster Survey and ResearchShibayama（Chair, Proposal for Innovation）Matsumaru・Toyo U.（Rehabilitation）Esteban・U. of Tokyo（Evacuation）Achiari・IndonesiaRattanapitikon, Thamnoon・ThailandSoltanpour・IranNobert, Samson・TanzaniaLi・ ChinaKweon・KoreaDorji・BhutanJayaratne・UKSasaki andMorimoto （City Planning）Mikami（Secretary, Disaster Mechanism）Nakagawa （Regional Planning）Figure: Study Team3Aranquiz・ChilleHasemi (Fire ）Members of WAYCEMChair: Prof. Tomoya Shibayama, Waseda UniversityDr. Nguyen Ngoc An: Department Chair, HoChiMinh City University of TechnologyDr. Winyu Rattanapitikon：Associate Professor, SIIT, Thammasat UniversityDr. Michael Kabiling: Taylor Eng. Inc.Dr. Nguyen The Duy： Senior Lecturer, HoChiMinh City University of TechnologyDr. Wudhipong Kittitanasuan: Wishakorn ConsultantsDr. Ioan Nistor: Associate Professor, University of OttawaDr. Nimal Wijayaratna: Senior Lecturer, Moratuwa UniversityProf. Li Shaowu: Professor, Tianjin UniversityDr. Mohsen Soltanpour: Associate Professor, K.N. Toorsi University of TechnologyDr. Masimin: Senior Lecturer, Syah Kuala UniversityDr. Kweon Hyuck Min: Associate Professor, Kyonju University,Dr. Jayaratne Ravindra, Senior Lecturer, Univ. of East LondonDr. Le Trung Tuan: Vise Director, Vietnamese Institute of Water ResourcesDr. Le Van Cong: Senior Researcher, Vietnamese Science Academy,Dr. Joel Nobert: Assistant Professor, University of Dar Es SalaamDr. Miguel Esteban: Project Associate Professor, Univ. of TokyoDr. Hendra Achiari: Lecturer, Bandung Institute of TechnologyDr. Nguyen Danh Thao: Director, HoChiMinh City University of TechnologyDr. Thamnoon Rasmeemasmuang: Lecturer, Burapha UniversityDr. Matico Samson: Lecturer, University of Dar Es SalaamDr. Cheki Dorji: Principal, Royal Polytechnic University of BhutanDr. Rafael Aranguiz, Lecturer, Cathric University of ConcepcionJapanese Members: Dr. Hiroyuki Katayama (Penta Ocean) Dr. Manabu Shimaya (Penta Ocean) Dr.Takayuki Suzuki (YNU) Dr. Hiroshi Takagi (TIT) Dr. Ryo Matsumaru (Toyo) Dr. Takahito Mikami(Waseda)4Frequent Attacks of Tsunamis and Storm Surges "un-predicted" and "far greater than predicted"Recent Field Surveys of my ownNumber of Losses and Unknowns2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami Sri Lanka, Indonesia,Thailand 220,0002005 Storm Surge by Hurricane Katrina, USA 1,2002006 Java Tsunami, Indonesia 6682007 Storm Surge by Cyclone Sidr, Bangladesh 5,1001970: 400,000 1991: 140,000 (Construction of Cyclone Shelters)2008 Storm Surge by Cyclone Nargis, Myanmar 138,0002009 Tsunami in Samoa Islands, Samoa 1832010 Chile Tsunami, Chile 5002010 Tsunami in Mentawai islands, Indonesia 5002011 Tohoku Tsunami, Japan Death15,782 Unknown 4,0862012 Storm Surge by Hurricane Sandy, USA (New York City) 170 (USA80)2013 Storm Surge by Typhoon Yolanda, Phillipines 4,011+1,6022014 Storm Surge in Nemuro, Hokkaido Island, Japan, 0 6- 8.0- 0.0- 4.0- -4.0- -8.0Tsunami Height (m)Max : 3.3mMin : -6.0mFault Tyhoon,Hurricane,CycloneFig .Hurricane Katrina (2005)Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) in 2013Typhoon Haiyan, Phillipines, 2013－ 15 －2017/3/1527Methodology 1The Paradigm of Newtonian Mechanics and Ecosystem Model1. Derive EquationsPhysical Phenomena → Mathema?cal Equa?onsTime or Special Changes ? d/dx, d/dtDifferential Equations2. Solve the Equation Set and Get Solutions1) linearization2) perturbation power series y=a 0 +a 1 x+a 2 x 2 +a 3 x 3 +...3) Numerical solutions3. Compare the solutions with laboratory or field data to evaluateaccuraciesExamples: Tsunami Propagation Model Ecosystem ModelMeteorology Based Storm Surge ModelTurbulence Model for Structure FailureDate Place Magnitude Tsunami Height（ （m） ） Death1703. 12. 31Near Bousopeninsula7.9～8.2 8～20 5230An Example of GenrokuEarthquakePosition at centerLength(m)Width(km)Φ(° °)θ(° °)δ(° °)Hd Dd DrLong.Lat.139.8N 34.7N 65 70 N45E N44W 30 0 3 6Conditions for Genroku EarthquakeFirst Step to Tsunami Simulation- Initial Displacement -upliftdownliftGoverning Equations for tsunami propagation0 =∂∂+∂∂+∂∂yNxMtη02 22 237= + +∂∂+ ⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝⎛∂∂+⎟ ⎟⎠⎞⎜ ⎜⎝⎛∂∂+∂∂N M MDgnxgDDMNy DMx tM η02 22 237= + +∂∂+⎟ ⎟⎠⎞⎜ ⎜⎝⎛∂∂+ ⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝⎛∂∂+∂∂N M NDgnygDDNy DMNx tN ηFinite Difference ThemeLeap-frog MethodMass conservationMomentum conservation10Methodology 2Field Survey + Regional StudyComparative Study of Regional PreparednessFrom the views ofPrediction + Prevention + CorrespondenceSurvey Results over the world +Long History and Experiences in JapanIt is necessary to know the different levels of preparedness based onRegional Social Structures.WRFXTideResultWind speed, Pressure, Heat flux, Vapor flux, Rain fallStorm Surge (Wind + Pressure)Wind Waves, Wave setup←S-WAVE(SWAN by Delft Univ. of Tech, Boojiet al., 1999)Weather Research and Forecasting modelMesoscale Model, Skamarock et al, 2008)Tidal PredictionGFS Data (NOAA)Meteorological data ofwhole globeChoosing AreaFVCOMThe Unstructured Grid Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model(Chen et al., 2003)TideTC-Bogus SchemeImprove vortex condition in the center11MIROC5Future Prediction of Meteorological ConditionSurface Temperature ofOcean and GroundCOUPLED WEATHER-STORM SURGE-WAVE-TIDE MODELWRF-FVCOM-XTIDE-MIROC5(Watanabe et al., 2008)(Flater, 1998)(Kurihara et al., 1993)METHODOLOGY:WRF：Weather Research and Forecasting model)Skamarock et al, 2008)WRF：Weather Research and Forecasting model)Skamarock et al, 2008)12W d r c v ddV dddd dU dddd dF g m q q qpg m w VwyUwxmtWFy ypy xpxpv VvyUvxmtVFx xpx xpxpu VuyUuxmtU= +⎟ ⎟ ⎠⎞⎜ ⎜ ⎝⎛+ + −∂∂⎟ ⎟ ⎠⎞⎜ ⎜ ⎝⎛− Ω∂∂+⎥ ⎦⎤⎢ ⎣⎡∂∂+∂∂+∂∂=⎟ ⎟ ⎠⎞⎜ ⎜ ⎝⎛∂∂−∂∂∂∂+∂∂⎟ ⎟ ⎠⎞⎜ ⎜ ⎝⎛+ ⎟⎠⎞⎜ ⎝ ⎛∂∂+∂∂+ Ω∂∂+ ⎥⎦⎤⎢ ⎣⎡∂∂+∂∂+∂∂=⎟ ⎟ ⎠⎞⎜ ⎜ ⎝⎛∂∂−∂∂∂∂+∂∂⎟ ⎟ ⎠⎞⎜ ⎜ ⎝⎛+ ⎟⎠⎞⎜ ⎝ ⎛∂∂+∂∂+ Ω∂∂+⎥ ⎦⎤⎢ ⎣⎡∂∂+∂∂+∂∂− −' ) (') ( ) ( )('''') ( ) ( ) ('''') ( ) ( ) (1 1μ μη ααηφμφηφμααα μ α μηφμφηφμααα μ α μη0'2=∂Ω ∂+⎥ ⎦⎤⎢ ⎣⎡∂∂+∂∂+∂∂ημmyVxUmtd( ) [ ] 0'2 1= − + + +∂∂−gW mU U U mtyx d η φφ φ μφ( ) ( ) ( )Θ= Ω∂∂+⎥ ⎦⎤⎢ ⎣⎡∂∂+∂∂+∂Θ ∂F m VyUxmtθηθ θ2( ) ( ) ( )m Qm m mmF q m VqyUqxmtQ= Ω∂∂+⎥ ⎦⎤⎢ ⎣⎡∂∂+∂∂+∂∂η2( ) γ α θd m dp R p p0 0/ =Mass ConservationGeo-PotentialPotential TemperatureScaler ConservationState LawMomentum Conservation－ 16 －2017/3/153METHODOLOGY: WRFTC-Bogussing Scheme◆Using artificial Rankin vortex for initial conditions(Kurihara et al. 1993)Rankin Vortex? ＝? ? ????? ：Wind speed? ? ：Maximum velocity at the Max velocity diameter ? ?α ：???????? ? ? ?0.75? ? ：????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????,0.90 "?? ???? ???? .With TC-BogussingConcept of Rankin vortex13表面気圧(Pa)Without TC-Bogussing1415162013210017Southwest coast of Sri Lanka• Coral reefs mitigated tsunamidamage and illegal coral mininghad created "low-resistance paths"that caused serious damage.Maldives• The damage was small in areawith high dunes (without adeveloped reef) and serious inarea with a developed reef(without a dune).Solomon• Coral reefs in front of the islandsreduced tsunami heights in onearea, but amplified tsunamiheights in other areas.Samoa• People saw the wave breaking ontop of coral reefs.• Wave breaking on coral reefsdecreased the energy of tsunami.2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami2007 Solomon Tsunami2009 Samoa TsunamiCoral reef and tsunamiNational University of SamoaCoastal Zone ManagementStrengthen Local Society in Coastal Area by Fishery IndustryAnalysis, Prediction and IntegrationCapacity BuildingWaseda University（Disaster Mechanism,Environmental Change,Survey, Data Analysis,Modeling)OtsumaUniversity（Education andBehaviorAnalysis）YokohamaNationalUniversity（Analysis ofDisasterMechanism)ForeignVisitingProfessors inWaseda（ComparativeStudies)OttawaU. E.L.KNTThammasatITBUniversity ofTokyo（Coral Reef,FisheryIndustry)Integrated Coastal ZoneManagementDisaster, Environment, Corals,Fishery IndustryApplications to Other IslandCountries in the Pacific OceanApplication to Japanese SmallIslandsTsunami,Storm SurgeGlobalWarmingSasakawaPeaceFoundation（Mehod forCoastalManagement)ToyoUniversity（Regionalpreparednessfor disasters)TokyoInstitute ofTechnology（Developmentof appropriatetechnology forcoastalprotection)－ 17 －2017/3/154Global Warming results;Typhoon Attacks: More Frequently and StrongerStorm Surge, High Waves, Coastal ErosionTsunamiEnvironmental Issue in Coral Lagoon;Water QualityLocal Society, Local Fishery1.A detailed study of tsunami disaster in 2009 and analysis of therehabilitation process will be performed.2.A detailed study of the coastal lagoon ecosystem will be undertaken toidentify the main sources of stress on the local biodiversity.3.Coastal monitoring systems will be enhanced, by developing thecapacity at both the institutional and personal level.4.An integrated coastal management system including sandmanagement will be implemented.5.The impact of future climate change will be assessed.6.The personal and institutional capacity of Samoa National Universitywill be dramatically enhanced.7.Improvement of the warning and evacuation systems for local Society.8.As part of the evacuation and relief system, the coastal road aroundthe island will be strengthened against coastal erosion.What should you do if a Tsunami wascoming to your area in 40 minutes?Take our first edX courseStudy the mechanisms of coastal disastersPlan for disaster evacuationTsunamis and Storm Surges:Introduction to Coastal DisastersProf. Tomoya ShibayamaA leading researcher of coastal disasterprevention and coastal engineering atWaseda UniversityWaseda edXStarted January 18 th , 2016Take the course for freeNow archivedEnroll Now!2500 learners 120 countriesUSA（19％）Japan（15％） India（６％） U.K.（４％） Chile（３％） Canada（３％） Spain（３％） Indonesia（３％） Netherland（２％）Philippines（２％）MOOC( Massive Open Online Course)21－ 18 －2017/3/151Disastrous Experiences inSamoaFaainuseiamalie LatuSenior Lecturer Environmental Scienceｌ Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ University of Ｓａｍｏａ∗ Small Land Masses : total land area of of approx 2,935sq km with an EEZ of 120,00 sq km∗ Small population : about 192,000 people∗ 80% of the population live on coastal areas∗ Small Economy, vulnerable especially to externalshocks∗ Limited CapacitiesThe Factors that make SamoaVulnerable∗ 2009 Earthquake and Tsunami∗ September 2009, 8.0 magnitude earthquake 200 km southof the Tonga trench produced a tsunami which caused 143deaths in Samoa and affected 2.5% of the total population∗ Future tropical and earthquake (and tsunamis) impactprojections for both direct losses and emergency lossesexceeds US $130 million and casualties of up to 325 peoplein any 50 year period∗ 2009 tsunami photosThe Two Events That MadeDisastrous Impacts in Recent YearsTropical Cyclones in the South Pacific∗ Samoa is exposed to a number of natural hazards,including tropical cyclones, floods, earthquakes,tsunamis and drought. According to the World Bank,Samoa is ranked 30 th of countries most exposed tothree or more hazards∗ Samoa's cyclone risk is rated as "extreme", the worstcyclones to impact Samoa in recent times are Ofa in1990 and Val in 1991 combined these caused 21fatalities with total economic loss of US$500 millionor 4 times the countries Gross Domestic ProductTropical Cyclones in Samoa∗ Considered the worst TC to impact Samoa since 1991∗ TC Evan's made landfall on December 13, 2012 andcaused widespread damage across Samoa killing 5people and displacing more than 4,763 people∗ The extent and magnitude on the economy of theeffects of TC Evans were substantial : the value ofdamage and loss is equivalent to 29% of the countriesGDP∗ Total estimated value of damage and loss (physicalassets, production costs) is SAT 465 million or US$203.9 million∗ Video and Photos2012 Cyclone Evans－ 19 －2017/3/152∗ Productive Sectors :∗ Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries, Manufacturing,Commerce, Tourism∗ Social sectors :∗ Education, Health, Housing∗ Infrastructure :∗ Electricity, Water and Sanitation and Transport∗ Cross Sectoral :∗ EnvironmentSummary of Damage and Losses∗ Agriculture : To improve preparedness, there is an urgentneed to prepare and widely disseminate information tofarmers e.g farmers to regularly clear tree close to fences(one main damage input), move livestock to highergrounds∗ Manufacturing and Commerce :∗ Recovery : cash grants for micro enterprise working capitalrecovery∗ Reconstruction : cash grants for micro enterprisereconstruction∗ Tourism : To resilience and capacity by promoting andsupport urgent and immediate climate change adaptationaction for tourism sector∗ Build and increase resilience of tourist facilities andinfrastructure against adverse impacts of Climate ChangeResilience in Different Sectors∗ Tourism cont'd : promote, develop and support policiesaimed at reduction of risks to tourism infrastructure andfacilities∗ Raise awareness at national, sector and community levelson the need to promote and support Climate Changeadaptation measures∗ Secure additional and sustainable financing mechanisms insupport of tourism Climate Change adaptation actionsnation wide level∗ Health : Increased capacity in preparedness, response andrecovery in reducing risks associated with natural disasters.Community preparedness emphasizing an all hazardsapproach, construction of cyclone resistant infrastructureto prevent future flooding/damage and first aid training inthe communitiesResilience in Different Sectors cont'd∗ Education : School buildings designs to be developedso that class rooms are resilient to strong winds andrain.∗ Disaster Resilience in the Power Sector∗ Need to cut or trim hazardous trees∗ Updating and improving EPC's standard design forconstruction (loading, compaction, line sagging etc)∗ Develop and follow strict procedures for adding extrapoles∗ Improve asset management databaseResilience in Different Sectors cont'd∗ Immediate Priorities : conservation of remainingwildlife habitats must be recognized as highlyimportant to ensure the continued survival of nativespecies and habitats∗ Medium Term Priorities : promotion of refuge areaswith native forests still standing∗ Conservation of high Bio diversity value∗ Conservation of undamaged or minimally damagedareas∗ Long term Priorities : survey of all key lowland andupland sites recommended for conservation innational surveysEnvironment∗ The total financial requirements for post disastereconomic recovery, reconstruction and disaster riskreduction in connection with TC Evan has beenestimated for all sectors ($403 million Tala about $206million US)∗ $43 million US to ensure economic recovery in allsectors affected∗ $122 million US to finance disaster resilientreconstruction of assets that were destroyed∗ $40.6 million to finance Disaster Risk ReductionschemesSummary－ 20 －2017/3/151Disaster Risk Reduction inSmall Island Development Statesbased on InternationalFrameworks2016.12.6Satoru MimuraDeputy Director General, Global Environment DepartmentSenior Researcher, JICA Research InstituteJapan International Cooperation AgencyContents1. Increase in Natural Disasters2. Vulnerability of the Small Islands3. Disaster in the Pacific4. Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction5. Disaster Risk Reduction in Small Islands21. Increase in Natural Disasters3Increase in Natural DisastersSource: EM-DAT4Why do disasters increase?UrbanizationPopulation ExplosionClimate Change Environmental Disruption5?After the year 2000, 1 million were killed, 3 billion were affectedby natural disasters.?90% of victims lived in developing countries.?US$ 1.68 trillion economic losses were caused by the majorintensive global disasters from 2001 to 2011.?Amid increase in natural disaster, "Disaster Risk Reduction" isinevitable for sustainable development.Tsunami in the Indian OceanPhoto： ：JICACyclone in Myanmar Great flood in ThailandPhoto： ：MLITHaiti earthquakeNatural Disaster and Disaster Risk ReductionPhoto： ：JICA Photo： ：JICA6－ 21 －2017/3/1522. Vulnerability of the Small Islands7World Risk Index (2014)Disaster Vulnerable Countries1. Vanuatu2. Philippines3. Tonga4. Guatemala5. Bangladesh6. Solomon Islands7. Costa Rica8. El Salvador9. Cambodia10.Papua NewGuinea11.Timor-Leste12.Brunei13.Nicaragua14.Mauritius15.Guinea Bissau8Typhoon and Cyclone, Storm Surge, Flood, Drought andTsunami in the Pacific9Disadvantages of Small IslandsSmallnessDispersionIsolationLong coastal lineLow lying islandsDistance from neighbor countriesLimitation of administrative capacityHigh Disaster Risk, Low Coping Capacity10Deterioration ofFreshwater LensSeawaterPollutionWaterPollutionDrought & WaterShortageStorm SurgeCoastal ErosionOvercrowdedPopulationSolid WasteSoilContaminationStagnant WorldEconomyEscalating FoodPricesEnergy CrisisFlood & CycloneVulnerability of Small IslandsNeed to sustain Small Islands Economically, Socially and EnvironmentallyClimate Change andEl NinoWorld Destabilization113. Disasters in the Pacific12－ 22 －2017/3/153Cyclone PAMMarch 2015, Vanuatu13Earthquake and Tsunami2013 Solomon Islands, 2009 Tonga and Samoa, 1998 PNG14Storm Surge15Hazard and Vulnerability -determinants of disasterDisasterHazard(natural phenomena)Vulnerability(social conditions) 16Decrease impact of DisastersDisasterHazard(natural phenomena)Vulnerability(social conditions) 174. Framework for Disaster RiskReduction18－ 23 －2017/3/154The 3 rd UN World Conference on Disaster Risk ReductionSendai, 14-18 March, 2015Sendai Framework for Disaster RiskReduction 2015-2030The Framework was adopted as the guiding policyfor Disaster Risk Reduction by 180 countries19Sendai Framework for Disaster RiskReduction 2015-2030Priorities for Action1. Understanding disaster risk2. Strengthening disaster risk governance tomanage disaster risk3. Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effectiveresponse and to "Build Back Better" in recovery,rehabilitation and reconstructionBefore Disasters After DisastersPrevention and Mitigation >>> Response and Recovery20Disasters Obstruct DevelopmentDisasterDisasterDisasterTimeDevelopmentDevelopmentObstructedby DisastersRecovery EffortIdeal Curve for DevelopmentLead Time for recovery21Guiding principles of SendaiFramework• SIDS are recognized as countries facingspecific disaster risk challenges that needspecial attention and support fromInternational Society.• Central Government of all countries includingSIDS are primarily responsible for Disaster RiskReduction in their countries.?CBDR (common but different responsibility)principle should not be applied for Disaster RiskReduction225. Disaster Risk Reduction inSmall Islands23Strengthening Capacity of GovernmentsComprehensive DRR Training for administrators24Capacity－ 24 －2017/3/155Technical transfers to meteorologicalservices in the PacificTraining course for MetService staff in the Pacific25TechnologyCommunity Based Disaster Risk ManagementCommunity Center (Shelter)Improvement of village pathWater Level Gauge andWarning System operatedby the communityVolunteer working for DisasterManagement Office26InclusivenessDyke and break waterWeather observation stationGrant Aid and Concessional LoansPort Project taking CCinto account27InvestmentTailored Solution is requiredCapital Cities andurban areasRemoteislands andrural areasCapital Accumulation /PopulationExtent of DevelopmentNo One-Size Fits AllEarly Warning andEvacuation + livelihoodsupport after disasterStructural measures andurban planning to avoideconomic damage28Necessary measures for DisasterRisk Reduction in SIDS• Capital Cities and Urban Areas? Structural measures and urban planning to preventdisaster loss• Remote Islands and Rural Areas? Early warning until the last mile and awareness tosave life? Livelihood support for quick recovery from disasters• Capacity Development to support DRRstrategies29To make islands resilient• Consecutive program from observation, earlywarning and accumulation of scientific data• Programs taking disaster risk and impact ofclimate change into account• Awareness, inclusiveness and communityempowerment to reduce social vulnerability• Capacity Development of Central and LocalGovernments30－ 25 －2017/3/156Thank you for your attention.31－ 26 －2017/3/151The Needs for the Waste Management inthe Pacific Region andJICA's AssistanceDecember 6, 2016Environmental Management Department, JICAMimpei ITOSession 1 c.TODAY'S TOPICS１．Features of the Pacific Island Countries(PICs)２．Challenges on Waste Management in PICs３．JICA's cooperation to PICs（Overall perspective and "J-PRISM")４．Introduction of J-PRISM Phase II11. Geographical features of PICs21. Basic fact data of PICs3Area Country km 2Population（ （10,000） ）Populationdensity（ （person/km 2 ） ）GNI per capita（ （US dollar)Economicgrowth ratePolynesiaSamoa 2,830 19 6.7 4,060 1.2%Tonga 720 11 14.7 4,260 2.1%MicronesiaPalau 488 2 4.3 11,110 8.0%FSM 700 10 14.9 3,200 -3.4%Marshall 180 5 29.4 4,390 -1.0%MelanesiaFiji 18,270 89 4.9 4,870 4.3%PNG 462,000 746 1.6 2,240 8.5%Solomon 28,900 57 2.0 1,830 4.5%Vanuatu 12,190 26 2.1 3,160 2.3%Source： the data is from World Bank report, 2014, except for population dataName of city in JapanArea(km 2 )Population(10,000)Populationdensity（person/km 2 ）NoteTsushima city,NagasakiPrf.709 3 4.5One of the island in Japan and its size is almost same with Tonga andMicronesia(FSM) although the population density of Tsushima is one third comparedto those countries.Shibushi city,KagoshimaPrf.209 3 15.3 The city is well-known for the 3R promotion.Population density is almost the samewith Tonga and FSM.1. Specific features of PICs4? Remoteness of the islands=> Far from the international markets=> Inconvenience of access? Narrowness of the lands=> Limitation of the size of the lands=> Smallness of the size of domestic markets? Difficulty with economical independence=> Budget support from development partners=> Lots of imported products? Environmental problems are tend to becometangible/obvious.2. Challenges on Waste Management5Wastes increased and diversified due tomarket economy, changes of life style, rapidpopulation flow into the capital city, etc.Wastes tend to remain in island because ofremoteness and lack of appropriate recycling.Inappropriate management of final disposal sitesand hazardous wastes may cause hugenegative impact on coral reefs and mangroveforests in the region.Difficulties in securing land for final disposal－ 27 －2017/3/1523.JICA's cooperation to PICs (history)6Challenges for solid waste management were discussed duringthe Pacific Islands Leaders Meeting(PALM 2) in 2000Dispatching long-term experts to SPREP (2000)Construction of the SPREP Education/Training center (2002)Launching a region-wide training program(2001)which was co-hosted by Okinawa and Samoa until 2007.Improvement of Tafaigata landfill site, Samoa (2002-2005)202020052010Improvement of Solid Waster Management in the Republic of Palau(2005-2008）Improvement of Bouffa landfill, Vanuatu(2006-2008）Waste Minimization and Recycling Promotion Project, Fiji(2008-2012）Region-wideBilateral2016J-PRISM Phase２ ２(2016-2021） ）J-PRISM Phase１ １(2011-2016） ）Regional Solid WasteManagement Strategy（ （RSWMS, 2005-2010)Revised RSWMS（ （2010-2015)CLEANER PACIFIC 2025 （ （NewRegional Waste Managementstrategy: Target year : 2016-2025)３． JICA's technical cooperation7" J-PRISM "Phase I : From 2011 to 2016Phase II : From 2017 to 2022【 【Major outcomes】 】・Local experts on waste management and 3R were fostered and information relatedto those human resources were stored in PIDOC.(Pacific Island Database ofCapacity development activities)・Improvement of management of waste collection and landfill site, introduction ofCDL , promotion of environmental education, etc. Also Concept of wastesegregation and waste minimization were shared in many countries (3R+ Return).・Good lessons learnt and experiences in waste management were shared in regionwide.・Contribution for the establishment of Clean Pacific Roundtable (CPR) and CleanerPacific 2025.【 【Project purpose】 】 "Human and institutional capacity base for sustainable Solid WasteManagement in the Pacific Region is strengthened through theimplementation of RS 2010"【 【Cooperation period】 】 From Feb 2011 to Feb 2016(Five years)【 【Partner and CPs】 】 Regional level- SPREPCountry level- Waste management section of target countriesOutcomes of J-PRISM Phase I89Examples of OutcomesImprovement of the finaldisposal site by making fulluse of the FukuokaMethod, semi-aerobiclandfill sitePacific Island Database ofCapacity development activitiesLocal trainer's information arestored and will also bedeveloped in Phase II.10・Deposit is included in the price of the product, and redeemed if the containeris returned to designated collection center. It increases container collectionrate, and prevent littering.・In small island countries, containers need to be "returned". For sustainableCDL system, the mechanism that involves importers and create managementfund for collection center are crucial.Importer/DistributorConsumerRedemptionCenterMinistry ofFinance/Recycling Fund2.5 centforoperationcostNet price + 10 cent10 cent7.5 cent5 centOutcomes of J-PRISM Phase I【Container Deposit Legislation（CDL）】10 centImport Ship out2.5 cent for recycling fundRecycledealerSale proceeds【CDL inFSM】【CDL inFSM】11Pacific Regional Waste and Pollution Management Strategy 2016-2025(Cleaner Pacific 2025)・ ・SPREP developed the "CleanerPacific 2025" with assistance fromJICA・ ・Long term comprehensivestrategy of sustainable wastemanagement and pollution controlin the Pacific region until 2025・ ・Priority Areas： ： SWM by local gov.,asbestos, E-waste, healthcarewaste, used oil, marine litter,disaster waste, and liquid waste・ ・J-PRISM Phase II deals with SWMareas in the "Cleaner Pacific 2025"Outcomes of J-PRISM Phase I【"Cleaner Pacific 2025"】－ 28 －2017/3/15312Republic of Indonesia： The Project for Capacity Development ofCentral and Local Government for 3R and Domestic Solid WasteManagement System（Nov. 2013 - Nov. 2017）（ （Summary of cooperation） ）Preparation of necessary ministerialregulations, capacity development of local gov. on 3R and wastemanagement in target cities (Palembang City and Balikpapan City)（ （Output） ）・Draft ministerial regulations on 3R and domestic solid wastemanagement are prepared in Ministry of Environment・Solid waste management plans are prepared in the target cities・Implement 3R related pilot projects (waste segregation,intermediate treatment center construction)・Waste management capacity in the target cities are strengthenedthrough the pilot project.Reduce: Discharge control of wasteReuse: Continuous use of itemsRecycle: Material recycleReturn ① Export of recyclable waste② ② Return organic waste to soil bycompostingRecycling is difficult insmall island countries!【Good Practices of R Cooperation】Collection activity of recyclables in a target communityCompressed aluminum cans waiting forexport （FSM）Outcomes of J-PRISM Phase I【3R（＋Return)】４．Introduction of J-PRISM Phase II【 【Project Purpose】 】 Human and institutional capacity base for sustainable solid wastemanagement in the pacific region is strengthened through implementation of the "CleanerPacific 2025"【 【Period of Project】 】 Feb. 2016 - Feb. 2021（１）Regional cooperation（ （with SPREP）・ Develop a monitoring system to grasp the progress of the "Cleaner Pacific 2025"・ Develop a feasible training plan and financial mechanism that PICs counterpartsparticipate to the training（including practical use of expert searching database(PIDOC）)・Develop a regional guideline of disaster waste management・Conduct baseline studies on recycling practices in the target countries, and study on3R+Return system in the pacific region.⇒①Strengthening waste management capacity of 9 target countries, ②Promoting regionalcooperation for sustainability, ③Highlighting ３R+Return initiative as an important activity（２）Bilateral cooperation・Establishment of solid waste management system・Development of practical solid waste management strategy and strengthening of wastemanagement capacity through concrete activities for the implementation of the strategy・Support to country specific waste issues４．Introduction of J-PRISM Phase II(Priority issues of "Cleaner Pacific 2025" and cooperation of J-PRISM Phase II)14Priority issues of "Cleaner Pacific 2025" Target CountriesRegionalcooperationSamoaTongaPalauFSMRMIFijiPNGSolomonVanuatuAStrengtheninstitutionalcapacityDevelop and enforce strategies,plans and legislation, andstrengthen institutionalarrangements◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎B Promote PPP Develop new PPP ○ ○ ○ ○CImplementsustainable bestpracticesResource recovery programme ◎ ◎ ○ ○ ◎ ◎Improve infrastructure and supportsustainable O&M◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎DDevelop humancapacityImplement sustainable humancapacity development programmes◎ 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇EDissemination ofoutcomes andexperiences in WCPmanagementEducation and behavioural changecampaigns◎ 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇 〇FPromote regionaland nationalcooperationStrengthen national and regionalcooperation and coordination ◎ ◎ ◎ ◎ 〇 ◎ ◎ 〇◎： Direct support, 〇： Indirect support, PPP: Public-private partnership, WCP: Waste, Chemicals and Pollutants⇒PPP, awareness improvement, hazardous waste management（healthcare waste,E-waste, used oil, battery cell, asbestos） are not included in J-PRISM Phase II. Wewelcome your active participation!!Thank you for your attention!Please contact at : Ito.Mimpei@jica.go.jp－ 29 －2017/3/151IMPACT ON PACIFIC SIDS OF OCEAN POLLUTION BY MARINE PLASTIC LITTERSECTION ON IMPLEMENTATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENTC-4 DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT INPACIFIC SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATESPRESENTATION AT SECOND GENERAL MEETING OF ISLANDS & OCEANS NETWORK6-7 DECEMBER 2016 AT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE HALL, OCEAN POLICY RESEARCHINSTITUTE, SASAKAWA PEACE FOUNDATION, TOKYOBY: MS IMOGEN INGRAMFROM: ISLAND SUSTAINABILITY ALLIANCE CIS INC ("ISACI")RAROTONGA, COOK ISLANDSe: islandsustainabilityalliance@gmail.comSession 1 c.WHY THE CONCERN ABOUT PLASTICS?INTRODUCTIONPlastics contain heavy metals and other hazardous substances e.g. POPs, EDCs, leadcolourants, PFCsProducers keep finding new ways to use plastics, especially plastic packaging, andproduction plastics has increased rapidly to meet demandThere is a corresponding rapid increase in waste plasticsLand-based activities contribute most (83%) to marine plastic pollution, so there hasalso been a corresponding rapid increase in marine plastic litterPlastics in the oceans is a growing concern because of the threat that such wasteposes in terms of contamination of marine food webs, marine life and biodiversityThe First World Ocean Assessment shows that marine litter will be transported byocean currents and will tend to accumulate in a limited number of subtropicalconvergence zones, or gyres. Gyres are where two important ocean currents meet.For island & coastal communities, environmentally sound disposal of recovered marineplastic litter is important, to avoid recycling of pollutants. Non-combustion methods,such as Gas Phase Chemical Reduction, are preferred, to avoid re-emission ofpollutants .UN DECISIONS ON PLASTIC MARINELITTERIn 2012, the outcome report for the Rio+20 Conference, entitled"The Future We Want" reported the adverse effects on oceans andmarine biodiversity of marine pollution including marine litter (especially plastic)......... The Global Partnership on Marine Litterwas launched as part of the Global Programme of Action.In August 2014 at the 3 rd International Conference on SIDS ("SIDS-3") held in Samoa, conservation & sustainable use